<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Brassica tournefortii from Australia, Western Australia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT AFRICAN MUSTARD
(Brassica tournefortii)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia, Western Australia

INTRODUCTION		AFRICAN MUSTARD
African Mustard (Brassica tournefortii) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Western Australia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1992 and infests Wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 06, 2000 )
Common Name	African Mustard
Species	Brassica tournefortii
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorsulfuron
Location	Australia, Western Australia
Year	1992
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	David Bowran, and Gurgeet Gill
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Gurgeet Gill

Southern wheatbelt.

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CONTROL STRATEGIES

Sanjeev Kumar

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Argentina this weed first evolved resistance to Group A/1 herbicides in 2010 and infests Spring Barley, and Wheat. Group A/1 herbicides are known as ACCase inhibitors (Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group A/1 herbicides.

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GENERAL

Gurgeet Gill

Populations have shown a high level of resistance to chlorsulfuron. No stunting at all of the survivors.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible African Mustard biotype with this African Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant African Mustard have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant African Mustard from Western Australia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

DAVID BOWRAN

Research Officer Agriculture Wa 748 Railroad Hwy Northam, Western Australia Australia Email David Bowran

GURGEET GILL

Research Officer University Of Adelaide Department Of Agronomy And Farming Systems Crop, Soil Environmental Sciences, 1366 W. Altheimer Dr, Roseworthy, 5371, South Australia Australia Email Gurgeet Gill

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Western Australia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to David Bowran, and Gurgeet Gill for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant African Mustard Globally
(Brassica tournefortii)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (Western Australia)

1992

Wheat

chlorsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (South Australia)

1996

Cereals

chlorsulfuron, imazamox, imazapyr, and sulfometuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Boutsalis, P. ; Karotam, J. ; Powles, S. B.. 1999. Molecular basis of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in Sisymbrium orientale and Brassica tournefortii. Pesticide Science 55 : 507 - 516.

Three Australian Sisymbrium orientale and one Brassica tournefortii biotypes are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides due to their possession of an ALS enzyme with decreased sensitivity to these herbicides. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed no interbiotypic differences within species in K_m (pyruvate) (the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half maximal) but a greater V_max (the rate when the enzyme is fully saturated with substrate) for two of the resistant S. orientale biotypes over susceptible levels. F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible biotypes of S. orientale showed an intermediate response to chlorsulfuron compared to the parental plants. ALS herbicide resistance in S. orientale segregated in a 3:1 (resistant:susceptible) ratio in F₂ plants with a single rate of chlorsulfuron, indicating that resistance is inherited as a single, incompletely dominant nuclear gene. Two regions of the ALS structural gene known to vary in ALS-resistant biotypes were amplified and sequenced. Resistant S. orientale biotypes NS01 and SS03 contained a single nucleotide substitution in Domain B, predicting a Trp (in susceptible) to Leu (in resistant) amino acid change. Two adjacent nucleotide substitutions (CCT to ATT) predicting a Pro (in susceptible) to Ile (in resistant) change in the primary amino acid sequence were identified in Domain A of resistant S. orientale biotype SS01. Likewise, a single nucleotide substitution at the same site in the resistant B. tournefortii biotype predicts a Pro (in susceptible) to Ala (in resistant) substitution. No other interbiotypic nucleotide differences predicted amino acid changes in the sequenced regions, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions reported above are responsible for resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in the respective biotypes..

Rieger, M. A. ; Preston, C. ; Powles, S. B.. 1999. Risks of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) to weedy relatives in southern Australian cropping systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50 : 115 - 128.

It is likely that transgenic canola [rape] expressing genes encoding resistance to glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium will be introduced into the Australian cropping system in the next few years. One risk associated with the introduction of such cultivars is the release of herbicide resistance genes into weedy relatives of canola. This review examines the currently available experimental information regarding the possibility of gene flow from canola to weedy relatives. Three species are identified as having the potential to outcross with canola, Brassica juncea, B. rapa [B. campestris] and Raphanus raphanistrum. The first two of these species are not yet widespread weeds of the southern Australian cropping zone. In contrast, R. raphanistrum is already a major weed in Australia with existing resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Information is urgently needed to determine whether successful hybrids between B. napus and R. raphanistrum can be produced under Australian conditions. Major deficiencies in the existing information are identified in relation to some other important weed species within the southern Australian cropping zone. Further studies are required to determine the outcrossing potential of canola to B. tournefortii, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Sisymbrium officinale and S. orientale if transgenic canola is to be safely and responsibly introduced into Australia..

Adkins, S. W. ; Wills, D. ; Boersma, M. ; Walker, S. R. ; Robinson, G. ; McLeod, R. J. ; Einam, J. P.. 1997. Weeds resistant to chlorsulfuron and atrazine from the north-east grain region of Australia. Weed Research (Oxford) 37 : 343 - 349.

Studies showed that at least 6 weeds found in the grain region of north-east Australia evolved resistance to one or other of the herbicides chlorsulfuron and atrazine. Two collections of Rapistrum rugosum, three of Sisymbrium orientale, five of Sonchus oleraceus, one of Fallopia convolvulus and one of Sisymbrium thellungii were resistant to the recommended rate of chlorsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha^-1). Resistance to chlorsulfuron was not discovered in three collections of Sisymbrium irio, two of Brassica tournefortii, three of Emex australis and 11 of Phalaris paradoxa. Two collections of Urochloa panicoides were resistant, and three collections possibly resistant, to the recommended rate of atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha^-1). Resistance to atrazine was not found in 12 collections of Hibiscus trionum, nine of Salvia reflexa, two of Parthenium hysterophorus, two of Amaranthus viridis and 14 of Echinochloa colona. The resistance status of four weeds (R. rugosum, F. convolvulus, S. thellungii and U. panicoides) was confirmed using a multiple concentration-response screen and is the first report of resistance for these species. Herbicide usage records showed that resistance has developed after 3-10 years of selection with chlorsulfuron, and 2-15 years of selection with atrazine, with no correlation between the frequency of use and the degree of resistance for any of the species where eight or more collections were made..

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